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Radiobiological Foundation of Crew Radiation Risk for Mars Mission to the Problem of the Space Flight Safety

Received: 10 December 2014     Accepted: 13 December 2014     Published: 27 December 2014
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Abstract

This paper presents results of radiobiological experiments, a new concept of radiation hazard on the basis of a generalized dosimetric function, which are foundation of crew radiation risk for Mars mission. The results of 14-year biological experiment on comprehensive clinico-physiological study of 250 dogs exposure to gamma-radiation 60Co during 3 and 6 years 22 hours per day, modeling the impact of space radiation on the crew of a space shuttle flight to Mars are presented also. In this experiment dose and dose rate varied to simulate galactic cosmic ray (GCR) dose and dose from stochastic irradiation caused by solar cosmic rays (SCR). It details observations made on the animals throughout the course of the dogs’ lives, both during and eight years after radiation exposure. It includes data on dose dependence, threshold levels of radiation causing adverse health effects, as well as on the nature of radiation reactions as they develop in different organs and body systems chronically exposed to larger doses. This multi-year experiment was conducted by scientists of the State Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems (Russian Academy of Sciences) with the active participation of the Institute of Biophysics (now Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency). Based on results obtained in this study and in experiments realized with big amount of small laboratory animals that were exposed to a wide dose and dose rate range, using other published data, mathematical models were developed, e.g. a model of radiation damage forming as dependent on time with taking into account recovery processes, and model of radiation mortality rate of mammals. Based on these models and analysis of radiation environment behind various shielding on the route to Mars, crew radiation risk was calculated for space missions of various duration. Total radiation risk values for cosmonauts lifetime after the missions were also estimated together with expected life span reduction.

Published in American Journal of Life Sciences (Volume 3, Issue 1-2)

This article belongs to the Special Issue Space Flight Factors: From Cell to Body

DOI 10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.16
Page(s) 32-42
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2014. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Effects of Chronic and Acute Irradiation, Mathematical Models of Radiation Damage, Life Span Reduction, Radiation Risk for Cosmonauts Lifetime

References
[1] Shafirkin A.V. and Petrov V.M., “Estimation of a cosmonaut’s radiation hazard during long-term space mission on the basic of a generalized dosimetric function,” Adv. Space Res., vol. 30, No. 4, 2002, pp. 995-998
[2] Shafirkin A.V., Grigoriev Yu.G., “Interplanetary and orbital space flight. The radiation risk to astronauts. Radiobiological Basis. Economica” 2009, 639 p.
[3] Grigoriev Yu.G., Ushakov I.B., Krasavin E.A., Davidov B.I., Shafirkin A.V., “Space radiobiology for 55 years (To 50-years State Research Center Institute of biomedical problems Russian Academy of Sciences). Economica,” 2013, 301 p. (in Russian)
[4] Shafirkin, A.V. and Fedorenko B. S. “Substantiation of the Dependence of Radiation Quality Coefficients on LET in Application to the Assesment of Early Radiobiological Effects,” Aviakosmicheskaya and ecologicheskaya meditsina, vol. 32, No. 2, 1998. pp. 4-9. (in Russian)
[5] GOST 25645.218-90. “Space Crew Radiation Safety during Space Flight. Dependence of Cosmic Radiation Quality Factor from Linear Energy. Gosstandart USSR,” 1991, Moscow. (in Russian)
[6] Blair H.A., “Some aspects properties of reparable and irreparable radiation injury. Some aspects of internation irradiation,” Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1962, pp. 147-150.
[7] Blair H.A., “The constancy of repair rate and irreparability during protracted exposure to ionizing radiation,” Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 114, part.1, 1964, pp.150-157.
[8] Grigorjev, Yu. G., Popov V.I., Shafirkin A.V., Antipenko J.B., “Somatic Effects of Chronic Gamma-Irradiation,” Moscow, Energoatomizdat, 1986. 196 p. (in Russian)
[9] GOST 25645.219-90., “Space Crew Radiation Safety during Space Flight. The Model Takes into Consideration the Influence of Spatial Nonuniformity Irradiation on the Generalized Radiobiological Effect. Gosstandart USSR,” Moscow, 1991. (in Russian)
[10] Saksonov, P.P., Antipov V.V., Davidov B. I., “The Essay of Space Radiobiology, In.: The Problems of Space Biology,” vol. IX, Moscow, “Science”, 1968, 532 p. (in Russian)
[11] Antipov, V.V., Davidov B. I., Verigo V.V., Svirijev Yu. M., “About the Combined Impact of Different Factors in Space Flight. In.: Foundations of Space Biology and Medicine,” Moscow, “Science”, vol. 2, book 2, 1975, pp. 243-267. (in Russian)
[12] GOST 25645.215-85. 1986. Space Crew Radiation Safety during Space Flight. Safety norm for flight durations up to three years, Gosstandart USSR, Moscow
[13] NCRP. Report 98, “Guidance on Radiation Received in Space Activities National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement,” Bethesda, MD, 1989.
[14] Shafirkin, A.V., “The Model of the Rate of Radiation-Induced Mammalian Death Based on Determination of Delayed Consequences of Different Doses of Radiation,” Aviakosmicheskaya and Ecologicheskaya Meditsina, vol. 33, No. 4, 1999, pp. 64-69. (in Russian)
[15] Dudkin V.E., Potapov Yu.V., “Doses from galactic cosmic ray particles under spacecraft shielding,” Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas., vol. 20, No. 1, 1992, pp. 33-39.
[16] GOST 25645. 134-86, “Space Crew Radiation Safety during Space Flight. The Solar Cosmic Rays. Model of the Proton Flux.,” Gosstandart USSR, Moscow, 1986. (in Russian)
[17] GOST 25645.203-83, “Space Crew Radiation Safety during Space Flight. The Model of Body for Calculations of Tissue Doses,” Gosstandart USSR, Moscow, 1984. (in Russian)
[18] Shafirkin A.V., Petrov V.M., Kolomensky A.V., Shurshakov V.A., “Lifetime total radiation risk of cosmonauts for orbital and interplanetary flights,” Adv. Space Res., vol. 30, No. 4, 2002, pp. 999-1003.
[19] Methodical instructions MI 2.6.1. 44-03-2004 USSR, Limitation irradiation of cosmonauts at orbital cosmic flights. Federal Cosmic Agency, Moscow, 2004
[20] Robertson, T.L., Shimizu Y., Kato H., et al., “Incidence of stroke and coronary heart disease in atomic bomb survivors, living in Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1954-1974,” RERFTR, 1979, pp. 12-79.
[21] Kadama, K., Shimizu Y., Sawada H., et al. “Incidence of stroke and coronary heart disease in adult study sample 1958-1978,” RERFTR, 1984, pp. 22-84.
[22] Azizova T.V., “The Nervous System Condition of Persons Undergoing to Chronic Professional Exposure by Ionizing Radiation (35-45 Year Period of Observations),” Dissertation State Research Center – Institute of Biophysics by Ministry of Health R.F., Moscow, 1999. (in Russian)
[23] Geard C.R., Jenkins-Baker G., Grabham P. et al., “Human endothelial cells in 2 D and 3-D system. Noncancer effects and space-related radiations,” 4-th Internation Workshop on Space Radiation Research and 17-th Annual NASA Space Radiation Health Investigators Workshop, Dubna, 2006, pp. 34-35.
[24] Little M.P., Azizova T.V.,Bazika D., Bouffler S.D., Cardis E. et.al., “Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Circulatory Disease from Exposure to Low-Level Ionizing Radiation and Estimates of Potential Population Mortality Risks,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 120, No. 11, 2012, pp. 1503-1511
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  • APA Style

    Aleksandr Shafirkin, Yury Grigoriev. (2014). Radiobiological Foundation of Crew Radiation Risk for Mars Mission to the Problem of the Space Flight Safety. American Journal of Life Sciences, 3(1-2), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.16

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    ACS Style

    Aleksandr Shafirkin; Yury Grigoriev. Radiobiological Foundation of Crew Radiation Risk for Mars Mission to the Problem of the Space Flight Safety. Am. J. Life Sci. 2014, 3(1-2), 32-42. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.16

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    AMA Style

    Aleksandr Shafirkin, Yury Grigoriev. Radiobiological Foundation of Crew Radiation Risk for Mars Mission to the Problem of the Space Flight Safety. Am J Life Sci. 2014;3(1-2):32-42. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.16

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.16,
      author = {Aleksandr Shafirkin and Yury Grigoriev},
      title = {Radiobiological Foundation of Crew Radiation Risk for Mars Mission to the Problem of the Space Flight Safety},
      journal = {American Journal of Life Sciences},
      volume = {3},
      number = {1-2},
      pages = {32-42},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.16},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.s.2015030102.16},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajls.s.2015030102.16},
      abstract = {This paper presents results of radiobiological experiments, a new concept of radiation hazard on the basis of a generalized dosimetric function, which are foundation of crew radiation risk for Mars mission. The results of 14-year biological experiment on comprehensive clinico-physiological study of 250 dogs exposure to gamma-radiation 60Co during 3 and 6 years 22 hours per day, modeling the impact of space radiation on the crew of a space shuttle flight to Mars are presented also. In this experiment dose and dose rate varied to simulate galactic cosmic ray (GCR) dose and dose from stochastic irradiation caused by solar cosmic rays (SCR). It details observations made on the animals throughout the course of the dogs’ lives, both during and eight years after radiation exposure. It includes data on dose dependence, threshold levels of radiation causing adverse health effects, as well as on the nature of radiation reactions as they develop in different organs and body systems chronically exposed to larger doses. This multi-year experiment was conducted by scientists of the State Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems (Russian Academy of Sciences) with the active participation of the Institute of Biophysics (now Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency). Based on results obtained in this study and in experiments realized with big amount of small laboratory animals that were exposed to a wide dose and dose rate range, using other published data, mathematical models were developed, e.g. a model of radiation damage forming as dependent on time with taking into account recovery processes, and model of radiation mortality rate of mammals. Based on these models and analysis of radiation environment behind various shielding on the route to Mars, crew radiation risk was calculated for space missions of various duration. Total radiation risk values for cosmonauts lifetime after the missions were also estimated together with expected life span reduction.},
     year = {2014}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Radiobiological Foundation of Crew Radiation Risk for Mars Mission to the Problem of the Space Flight Safety
    AU  - Aleksandr Shafirkin
    AU  - Yury Grigoriev
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    JF  - American Journal of Life Sciences
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    AB  - This paper presents results of radiobiological experiments, a new concept of radiation hazard on the basis of a generalized dosimetric function, which are foundation of crew radiation risk for Mars mission. The results of 14-year biological experiment on comprehensive clinico-physiological study of 250 dogs exposure to gamma-radiation 60Co during 3 and 6 years 22 hours per day, modeling the impact of space radiation on the crew of a space shuttle flight to Mars are presented also. In this experiment dose and dose rate varied to simulate galactic cosmic ray (GCR) dose and dose from stochastic irradiation caused by solar cosmic rays (SCR). It details observations made on the animals throughout the course of the dogs’ lives, both during and eight years after radiation exposure. It includes data on dose dependence, threshold levels of radiation causing adverse health effects, as well as on the nature of radiation reactions as they develop in different organs and body systems chronically exposed to larger doses. This multi-year experiment was conducted by scientists of the State Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems (Russian Academy of Sciences) with the active participation of the Institute of Biophysics (now Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency). Based on results obtained in this study and in experiments realized with big amount of small laboratory animals that were exposed to a wide dose and dose rate range, using other published data, mathematical models were developed, e.g. a model of radiation damage forming as dependent on time with taking into account recovery processes, and model of radiation mortality rate of mammals. Based on these models and analysis of radiation environment behind various shielding on the route to Mars, crew radiation risk was calculated for space missions of various duration. Total radiation risk values for cosmonauts lifetime after the missions were also estimated together with expected life span reduction.
    VL  - 3
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Author Information
  • Lab. of the Space Flights Radiation Safety of State Research Center - Institute for biomedical problems Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

  • Lab. of the Electromagnetic Safety of State Research Center – Federal medical biophysical Burnazian centre, Moscow, Russia

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